I’m writing a PhD on football at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Here I share research notes and stray observations.

Northern Suffering (#4): Lee Man – North District
November 24, 2025
Lee Man – North District, after the kick-off

Yesterday I attended Lee Man – North District in the ninth round of the Premier League at Mong Kok Stadium – the very same ground that hosted the match against Kitchee. It finished as a 2–2 draw. You can watch the goals and key moments in the onTV Sports highlights.

Lee Man were founded in 2017. The club have never played in the lower Hong Kong leagues because the owners bought them a Premier League place from the outset. In 2023–24 they won the league for the first time, and in 2022–23 and 2024–25 they finished runners-up. Once again, North District arrived as underdogs – all the more so given that a week earlier the teams had met in the League Cup, where North District lost 1–2 in extra time (I wasn’t at that match).

Early on, Lee Man controlled territory and produced a few half-chances. The Sheung Shui side made some changes on the left flank compared with recent matches: Chun Ho Wong started in defence, while Jahangir Khan played as a wide midfielder. However, midway through the first half Wong went off injured and was replaced by Vinicius Soares, who moved into midfield while Khan dropped into the back line.

In the latter stages of the first half North District took the initiative and scored twice. First, Samuel Granada finished off a cross from Bobby Singh on the right. Then he swept in a first-time effort from inside the box after an attack down the left.

In stoppage time Lee Man pulled one back. After a corner the ball ricocheted around the six-yard box until, after several rebounds, it found Tursunov’s foot a metre from North District’s goal. The referee disallowed the goal (I couldn’t see why) but pointed to the spot: Mikael’s initial shot had struck Danilo Santos’s arm. Hon Ho Lee guessed correctly but couldn’t reach it.

In the second half North District surrendered possession and territory, dropped the press, and defended in a mid-block in a 4-1-4-1. For the most part it worked, but in the 57th minute Cy Goddard capitalised on slow reactions and poor coordination at the back and bundled the ball over the line.

The draw held to full time, though North District had two clear chances late on. First, after a free-kick delivery, Hoi Yin Wong and Danilo Santos got in each other’s way going for a loose ball. And right before the whistle, goalkeeper Ka Ho Chan clawed a Villalobos half-volley out of the bottom right corner.

North District keep picking up points against strong opponents. In a week the Sheung Shui side host Tai Po. I didn’t drink at the match, but I made up for it afterwards.

Lee Man – North District 2–2.
Hong Kong Premier League, Round 9. Mong Kok Stadium. 24 November 2025.

Goals: Camargo (45+8, pen.), Goddard (57) – Samuel Granada (36, 41).

Yellow cards: Camargo (14), Braunshtain (82), Wai-Lim Yu (88) – Danilo Santos (65), Villalobos (66), Vinicius Soares (66), Hiu Chung Law (77), Sigh (90+2).

Lee Man: Ka Ho Chan (GK), Camargo, Gigauri, Goddard (Baffoe, 90), Ka Kiu Lau (Robbie Wu, 46), Mikael, Tachibana, Tursunov, Willian Gaucho (Dudu, 90), Wai Wong (Braunshtain, 73), Wai Lim Yu.

North District: Hon Ho Li (GK), Arboleda, Danilo Santos, Khan, Hiu Chung Law, Samuel Granada, Singh, Villalobos, Weverton (Abadia, 73), Chun Ho Wong (Vinicius Soares, 24), Ho Yin Wong.

Standings as of November 23
TeamGPWDLGFGAPTS
1North District8431171115
2Tai Po742115714
3Kitchee642014614
4Lee Man632117811
5Eastern District93246511
6Hong Kong Rangers7313101310
7Eastern7223988
8Southern District7223798
9Kowloon City92258178
10Hong Kong FC81074233
Northern suffering (#3): North District v Southern District
November 3, 2025
North District v Southern District, kick-off

Yesterday I attended the Premier League Round 7 match between North District and Southern District. North District came from behind to win 2–1.

Southern District had finished fifth in each of the past three seasons, but this year the team from Aberdeen started poorly — five points from five games. I expected a laboured, low-scoring game, and that’s exactly what it turned out to be.

The match was played at North District Sports Ground in Sheung Shui — the home ground of North District. It’s a typical Hong Kong district sports complex with a running track around the pitch and a single stand for spectators. On ordinary days the stadium is open to the public; you can even book the pitch for free through a phone app or a terminal right on site. The stand has no seats, but the entire structure is covered with a roof against the rain. Unlike Sham Shui Po or Mong Kok, the nearest 7-Eleven is on the way from the MTR station, so no detour is needed. I came by bike, though, so a detour had to be made. There’s no bag check at the entrance — as it should be.

North District had the territorial advantage throughout and created more chances (see onTV Sports highlights), but in the first half the sharper moments came at their own goal. Around the 20th minute, Stefan picked up the ball in the box after a series of ricochets and shot against the movement of Hon Ho Lee, hitting the post. In the 35th minute, North District’s press collapsed, Acosta collected the ball in midfield and played it into the half-space for Stefan, who carried it into the box and finished neatly into the far corner.

In the second half, North District’s pressure and the individual skill of their foreign players produced two goals. In the 72nd minute, Samuel Granada received a pass from Weverton with his back to goal in the visitors’ penalty area, turned on the spot, and struck into the top corner. In the dying minutes, a cross from Vinicius Soares on the right flank was finished by Kayke David.

Overall the match was slow-paced, somnambulic. The weather was fine. I absorbed three beers.

North District – Southern District 2–1.
Hong Kong Premier League, round 7. North District Sports Ground. 2 November 2025.

Goals: Samuel Granada (72), Kayke David (88) – Stefan (35).

Yellow cards: Hiu Chung Law (72), Weverton (90+1) – Il-Soo Shin (26), Ju-ho Song (90+3).

North District: Hon Ho Li (GK), Arboleda (Vinicius Soares, 46), Kayke David, Khan, Hiu Chung Law (Chun Ho Wong, 90+7), Paez, Samuel Granada, Singh, Villalobos, Weverton (Kong Wai Lo, 90+9), Ho Yin Wong.

Southern District: Wai Him Ng (GK), Acosta, Ting Fung Chak (Paco Chan, 80), Yun Tung Chan, Ichikawa (Mahama, 64), Kawase, Murilo (Ka Yiu Lee, 67), Sasaki, Il-Soo Shin, Ju-ho Song, Stefan (Lucas Emmanuel, 80).

Standings as of November 2
TeamGPWDLGFGAPTS
1Kitchee642014614
2North District742115914
3Tai Po632114711
4Lee Man531115610
5Hong Kong Rangers6312101210
6Eastern District7223548
7Kowloon City82248158
8Eastern6123585
9Southern District6123595
10Hong Kong FC71064193
Yellow card no. 1
October 29, 2025

Yellow and red cards were used to caution and send off players for the first time at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico.

West German referee Kurt Tschenscher showed the very first yellow card in football history in the 30th minute of the opening match, Mexico v USSR, to Soviet player Kakhi Asatiani for a foul on Gustavo Peña. The second and third yellow cards in football history also went to Soviet players — Givi Nodia and Evgeny Lovchev — in the 31st and 34th minutes respectively.

Referee Tschenscher shows Asatiani a yellow card
Kurt Tschenscher shows Asatiani the first yellow card in football history.

A full replay of the match in decent quality is available on FIFA+ (the first booking appears around 30:15 of the video).

The match was historic in another sense, too: the first substitution in World Cup history (though substitutions had already been used in club and international matches) also took place here — at half-time, Anatoly Puzach replaced Viktor Serebryanikov for the USSR.

Mexican players prepare to resume the game with an indirect free kick
Indirect free kick inside the USSR penalty area.

A curious episode occurred in the 23rd minute (around 22:45 in the broadcast): Soviet goalkeeper Anzor Kavazashvili delayed releasing the ball, and Tschenscher awarded Mexico an indirect free kick inside the Soviet penalty area. Javier Guzmán’s shot was blocked by Lovchev.

Northern suffering (#2): Kitchee v North District
October 28, 2025
Kitchee v North District, the kick-off

On Sunday, I attended the sixth round of the Hong Kong Premier League — Kitchee vs. North District in Mong Kok. The match ended in a lively 3–3 draw.

Kitchee are the most decorated of the current Premier League clubs. Founded in 1931, they’ve won the Hong Kong championship twelve times — more than anyone except South China (now playing in the First Division with 41 titles). In the last two seasons, Kitchee finished fourth, well below their ambitions. So North District were clear underdogs.

The two sides had already met this season: a month ago, North District beat Kitchee 3–2 in the Senior Shield quarterfinal — a cup competition among Premier League teams.

The match was held at Mong Kok Stadium. Police were patrolling the nearby streets, and a cordon was set up outside the ground. Fans were searched before entering — unusual for Premier League matches, at least compared to other venues (in Sheung Shui, Tai Po, or Sham Shui Po nobody gets searched). The check wasn’t exactly thorough: I brought in a can of Guinness in the pockets of my shorts I’d bought during halftime at the nearest 7-Eleven, having shown the steward my empty backpack.

Unlike most other Premier League grounds, Mong Kok Stadium is a proper football stadium — no running track, and stands running all around the pitch. I watched the match from behind the goal, the best place to observe players’ movements and defensive transitions.

Kitchee started on the front foot. They created several chances from wide attacks but lacked accuracy in finishing. Once the ball did end up in the North District net, but Juninho’s goal was ruled offside.

Kitchee creates from the left.
Kitchee creates from the right.

In the 20th minute the hosts finally took the lead: after Yumemi Kanda’s free kick, the ball deflected off North District’s own defender Chun Ho Wong and into the net. The visitors equalized almost immediately — also from a set piece — when Han’s cross was met by Samuel Granada. You can watch all the goals in the highlights by onTV Sports on YouTube.

The score didn’t change before halftime, though Kitchee had several clear chances to score. North District’s fullbacks, Chun Ho Wong and Han, often failed to close down their zones, where Juninho and Mingazov were breaking through again and again. In the 30th minute, North District midfielder Hiu Chung Law picked up an injury. After a short pause he came back on and seemed to have instructions from the coach to drop into the back line between Danilo Santos and Han when defending. That adjustment helped North District put out the fire on the left flank.

Law drops into the backline

In the second half, North District grew more aggressive, and chances started appearing at both ends. The visitors were first to benefit from this open play in the 66th minute. Villalobos found himself unmarked in Kitchee’s holding zone, took a bold shot from 30 meters, and the ball went in off the post.

North District’s players — especially the foreign ones — celebrated wildly for a couple of minutes. I thought to myself that such celebrations rarely end well. And they didn’t: from the very next attack after the kickoff, Jordan Lam won an aerial duel against Chunho Wong and headed the ball home after Mingazov’s cross — the Turkmen winger had just outplayed both Han and Arboleda on the flank.

In the 78th minute, Kitchee took the lead. Han had pushed almost to the halfway line to press Mingazov. Kitchee’s center-back Riera lofted a pass to the corner of the box. Arboleda didn’t reach it; Jordan Lam controlled, turned, passed to Kendi, who played a one-touch ball into Mingazov’s run. Hon Ho Lee saved the first shot, but the ball bounced back to the Turkmen forward, and he turned it in while falling — 3:2.

In the last ten minutes, North District went forward. Kitchee dropped deep and looked for counters. In the 87th minute, North District won a free kick near the box. Veverton, Villalobos, and Han had a long discussion — and for good reason. Han touched the ball to Villalobos, who stopped it as if setting up Veverton’s run-up, but at the last moment rolled it slightly to the right. Han spun around, reached the ball in a couple of steps, and smashed it under the crossbar — straight down the middle; the ball flew just over Zhen Peng Wang’s gloves and into the net. A crazy goal.

Nothing remarkable happened in stoppage time. The match ended 3–3. Thanks to goal difference, North District went top of the table — though by points dropped, the team from Sheung Shui are only fifth, behind Kitchee, Rangers, Tai Po, and Lee Man.

A third of the first stage of the season is now behind. North District have earned four points in two matches against favorites (Sunday’s draw with Kitchee and a win over Tai Po in round two) and six points from two games against clear outsiders, Hong Kong FC. It looks like North District have a realistic chance at a top-five finish — and a place in the Championship Group after the split. If only they could put out the fire on the flanks.

Kitchee v North District 3–3.
Hong Kong Premier League, Round 6. Mong Kok Stadium. 26 October 2025.

Goals: Chun Ho Wong (20, own goal), Jordan Lam (69), Mingazov (78) – Samuel Granada (23), Villalobos (66), Khan (88).

Yellow cards: Law Tsz Chun (77), Matheus Dantas (86), Jordan Lam (90+4) – Khan (19).

Kitchee: Zhenpeng Wang, Beattie, Juninho (Jordan Lam, 61), Kanda (Kendy, 69), Pak Yin Lam (Tsz Chun Law, 61), Martinez Ortiz (Shing Chun Chan, 85), Matheus Dantas, Mingazov, Revilla, Riera, Chun Lok Tan.

North District: Hon Ho Li, Arboleda, Danilo Santos, Khan, Hiu Chung Law (Kong Wai Lo, 79), Samuel Granada, Villalobos, Vinicius Soares (Kayke David, 78), Weverton, Chun Ho Wong, Ho Yin Wong.

Standings as of October 26
PosTeamGPWDLGFGAPTS
1North District632113811
2Kitchee53209611
3Hong Kong Rangers53119610
4Tai Po5221868
5Lee Man4211857
6Eastern District5122435
7Eastern5122575
8Kowloon City61237105
9Southern District5122475
10Hong Kong FC61053123
Northern suffering (#1): Kowloon City v North District
October 20, 2025
Kowloon City v North District before kick off

Yesterday I attended the Hong Kong Premier League fifth-round match between Kowloon City and North District at Sham Shui Po. The game ended in a 2–2 draw.

The Sheung Shui side took an early advantage with aggressive pressing in the attacking third. Kowloon players frequently misplaced passes in their own half. However, it was Kowloon who opened the scoring in the 18th minute, punishing the opposition for committing too many players forward.

Kowloon played long from a goal kick, clearing the ball over six (!) North District players. Luizinho won an aerial duel against Chun Ho Wong, nodded the ball to Tsz Hin Loong, and moved to support. Arboleda blocked the pass to the left, but Luizinho picked up the rebound and played it to Min-gyu Park. The Korean slowed down and found the back of the net with a stunning strike.

Min-gyu Park scores. Fragment from ontv Sports highlights. Video used for non-commercial purposes to illustrate the match report.

At the end of the first half, North District defender Carlos Paez attempted to stop a counter-attack with a sliding tackle from behind and seriously injured Min-gyu Park. Park was stretchered off, while Paez was sent off after a VAR review. Chun Ting Lee replaced Park, and North District’s holding midfielder Elian Villalobos dropped into defence.

Kowloon City extended their lead at the start of the second half from the corner kick. Kessi shook off Samuel Granada and beat Villalobos in the air at the near post.

Kessi scores. Fragment from ontv Sports highlights. Video used for non-commercial purposes to illustrate the match report.

After conceding the second goal, the North District coach made two attacking substitutions: Hiu Chung Law replaced Kong Wai Lo, and Weverton came on for Kayke David. In the 63rd minute, Weverton’s long-range effort forced home goalkeeper Ho Chun Yuen to parry the ball straight in front of him. Kowloon’s central defenders completely lost their bearings, allowing two opponents to reach the rebound first. Samuel Granada finished clinically from close range.

Samuel Granada scores. Fragment from ontv Sports highlights. Video used for non-commercial purposes to illustrate the match report.

The pace slowed afterwards. Despite being a man down, North District created the better chances. In added time, Kowloon players collectively failed in midfield, leaving Vinicius Soares and Chun Ho Wong unmarked in the holding zone. After overlapping to the right flank, Wong cut the ball back to Arboleda, who found the net from near the penalty spot. Remarkably, Arboleda had started the move by picking up the ball after a foul on Weverton.

Arboleda scores. Fragment from ontv Sports highlights. Video used for non-commercial purposes to illustrate the match report.

The weather was excellent. Around two to three hundred spectators attended the game. I consumed two beers.

Kowloon City v North District 2–2.
Hong Kong Premier League, Round 5. Sham Shui Po Sports Ground. 19 October 2025

Goals: Park (18), Kessi (53) – Samuel Granada (63), Arboleda (90+2).

Yellow cards: Wan Chun Chiu (42), Kayron (45+3), Carioca (80) – Hiu Chung Law (64), Villalobos (78).
Red card: — Paez (45+9).

Kowloon City: Ho Chun Yuen (GK), Wan Chun Chiu, Diego Eli (Carioca 77), Jun Hyeon, Kayron, Kessi, Tsz Hin Loong, Luizinho, Min-gyu Park (Chun Ting Lee 45+10), Kai Cheuk Yim (Kam To Tsang 62), Pui Hong Yu.

North District: Hoi Man Chung (GK), Arboleda, Kayke David (Weverton 57), Jahangir Khan (Yuen Sai Kit 90+3), Kong Wai Lo (Hiu Chung Law, 53), Paez, Samuel Granada, Villalobos, Vinicius Soares, Chun Ho Wong, Ho Yin Wong.

Standings as of 19 October
TeamGPWDLGFGAPts
1Rangers53119610
2Kitchee43106310
3North District531110510
4Lee Man4211857
5Tai Po4121555
6Eastern4121445
7Kowloon City5122685
8Eastern District4112324
9Southern District4112364
10Hong Kong FC50051110
Fish
July 11, 2025

Last night I came across a fish on the footpath near my house. Over the past year living here, I’ve run into (and tried not to step on) countless snails, toads, and lizards. People have warned me about snakes, but I haven’t seen one yet. And I have never expected to encounter a fish — fish inhabit bodies of water, and paths are not part of those. And yet, there it was: a fish, lying in the middle of the path.

A fish on the path
A fish lying on the path

I decided to move the fish from the path into the puddle. First, I figured it might suffocate without water. Second, one of the stray dogs — the ones the neighbours feed — might eat it. Third, it could get run over by a motorcycle. In short, I was concerned for the fish’s life.

I picked two leaves off a bush to use like napkins, and lifted the fish off the ground. The fish suddenly slipped out of my hands, flopped back down, and wriggled into the puddle — exactly where I’d meant to put it. So, nothing worked, and everything worked.

* * *

Most likely, it was a snakehead (Channa). Snakeheads live in still water, can breathe air, and are capable of moving between ponds over land. It’s been raining heavily since last night here in Hong Kong — which probably explains how the fish ended up in our little frog pond. Saving a snakehead from suffocating was an act of ignorance — but saving it from a dog or a motorcycle made perfect sense.

Choose to lose
June 16, 2025

14 June saw the final matchday in the Second Russia football league (Division A). Trailing 2-1 at home to Mashuk-KMV, FC Chelyabinsk spent the final minute of the match passing the ball in their own half.

Fragment from the official broadcast.
Video used for non-commercial purposes to illustrate the discussion.

Perhaps it was the imperfections in the league rules that caused FC Chelyabinsk to choose to lose rather than attempt to equalise.

FC Chelybinsk won the spring part of the season and enter the final week at third, two points ahead of Mashuk-KMV, Volgar and Leningradets. A five-point advantage over Veles secured the team a place in the promotion play-offs.

Standings before the final matchday

TeamGPWDLGFGAPts
3FC Chelyabinsk17827172026
4Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk17593191224
5Volgar Astrakhan17665161724
6Leningradets Len. Obl.17665192024
7Veles Moscow17638202121
How does the second league work?

Second league is the third and forth (after the Premier and First leagues) tiers of the football pyramid in Russia. It has a rather whimsical format.

From the 2023-2024 season onwards, the second league has been split into two divisions. Division B is divided in 4 groups, largely on a geographic basis. Teams play a double round-robin tournament from spring to autumn. The group winners are promoted to the ‘Silver’ group of the Division A.

Division A comprises 20 teams, which are divided into the ‘Gold’ and ‘Silver’ groups. Teams play from autumn to spring. The season is split into separate autumn and spring parts. Both parts are double round-robin competitions.

After the autumn part of the season, the top four Silver teams are promoted to Gold. The bottom two teams are relegated to Division B, while the teams in seventh and eighth place play relegation play-offs against the bottom two teams from the spring part of the competition. The losers of these play-offs are also relegated to Division B.

If a team that finished in the bottom two in the spring part of the competition finishes in 7th or 8th place, they are relegated without play-offs. If a team that finished in the bottom two in the spring part earns promotion in the autumn, they do not play in the play-offs but are promoted to Gold instead. Instead, the team in eighth place at the end of the autumn part is eliminated without play-offs. If both teams in the bottom two earn promotion, then the bottom four teams in the autumn part are eliminated without play-offs.

The bottom four Gold teams are relegated to Silver. The group winner earns the right to play in the promotion play-offs.

After the spring part of the season, no Silver team is relegated; the bottom two play relegation play-offs after the autumn part (see above). The top four teams are promoted to Gold. The bottom four Gold teams are relegated to Silver.

The top two Gold teams are promoted to the First League. The third team plays the autumn winner in a promotion play-off. If the autumn winner secures a place in the top three, then the top three teams are promoted automatically. If the autumn winner finishes in the bottom four in the spring part, they are relegated to Silver. The runners-up or the third place teams take their place in the promotion play-offs (but only if they did not finish in the top two or bottom four in the spring). If the top three teams remain the same after the autumn and spring parts or if all autumn top-three teams are relegated, then the spring top three promotes to the First League.

After conceding a goal in the 79th minute, FC Chelyabinsk had a number of scoring chances, but completely gave up on progressing their possession in injury time. They passively passed the ball in their own half.

If Chelyabinsk equalised, they would earn 27 points, which would put them in level with Volgar and Leningradets, provided they won their respective matches against Rodina-2 Moscow and Spartak Kostroma. If so, Leningradets would finish third based on the tie-breaking rules.

FC Chelyabinsk, Volgar, and Leningradets face-to face

03/09 FC Chelyabinsk v Leningradets 1-2
03/23 Volgar v Leningradets 1-0
04/19 Volgar v FC Chelyabinsk 0-0
04/27 Leningradets v FC Chelyabinsk 1-0
05/11 Leningardets v Volgar 1-1
06/01 FC Chelyabinsk v Volgar 2-0

Hypothetical standings (FC Chelyabinsk, Volgar, and Leningradets tie)

TeamGPWDLPts
3Leningradets42117
4Volgar41215
5FC Chelyabinsk41124

If Mashuk-KMV won, they would be level with Volgar and Leningradets on 27 points. According to the tie-breaking rules, Mashuk-KMV would then finish third.

Mashuk-KMV, Volgar, and Leningradets face-to-face

03/16 Mashuk-KMV v Volgar 1-2
03/23 Volgar v Leningradets 1-0
04/06 Mashuk-KMV v Leningradets 0-0
05/11 Leningradets v Volgar 1-1
05/04 Volgar v Mashuk-KMV 1-2
05/24 Leningradets v Mashuk-KMV 1-4

Hypothetical standings (Mashuk-KMV, Volgar, Leningradets tie)

TeamGPWDLGFGAPts
3Mashuk-KMV4211747
4Volgar4211547
5Leningradets4022262

Before the match journalist Sergey Ilyev reported that Mashuk-KMV had not obtained a licence to play in the First League. According to the regulations, only licensed teams can participate in the promotion play-offs.

The regulations do not clarify whether a play-off team will be replaced if it fails to obtain the licence. It is plausible to suggest that FC Chelyabinsk gave up playing after receiving a hint from the dugout to allow Mashuk-KMV to secure the third place and earn promotion without play-offs.

Mashuk-KMV won the match. Leningradets and Volgar also won their respective matches, and the final standings are as follows:

TeamGPWDDGA  GFPts
3Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk18693211327
4Volgar Astrakhan18765181827
5Leningradets Len. Obl.18765202027
6FC Chelyabinsk18828182226

The regulation states that the fourth team can replace one that refuses promotion. Perhaps Volgar will refer to this clause to justify their right to participate in the promotion playoff. So far, Football National League has reported that it is awaiting confirmation of licences for FC Chelyabinsk and Mashuk-KMV from the Russian Football Union.


FC Volga Ulyanovsk secured second place in the Division A. Next season, they will play in the First League for the third time in their history. Forward Dmitriy Kamenshchikov was the season’s top scorer with 16 goals.

Pedant's note
September 2, 2020

I came across a curious inaccuracy in Eric Dunning’s texts on the origins of the sociology of sport. Dunning repeatedly refers to Heinz Risse, the author of what appears to be the first monograph to feature the phrase ‘sociology of sport’ in the title (Sociologie des Sports, 1921), as a student of Theodor Adorno.

Adorno supervised the work on sport of Heinz Risse whose Soziologie des Sports (1921) was, so far as I know, the first time that this subdiscipline was explicitly named. Adorno also supervised the work of Bero Rigauer which resulted in Sport und Arbeit (Sport and Work) (1969).1

To my knowledge, the sociology of sport first emerged as a specific, named endeavour and the subject of a book-length study in 1921 when Heinz Risse, a student of Theodor Adorno, published his Soziologie des Sports.2

Adorno was five years younger than Risse and had only just entered the university in 1921. Risse’s supervisor in the early 1920s was Alfred Weber.

Dunning’s co-author, Jay Coakley, repeats this error in his pieces on the sociology of sport for The Encyclopedia of Sociology (Vol. 5, p. 2986) and The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology (Vol. 1, p. 368).

Dunning and Coakley co-edited the collection Handbook of Sports Studies (2000). There, Risse is also referred to as Adorno’s student (p. xxii), although the collection features Klaus Heinemann’s piece on the development of the sociology in Germany, which mentions (p. 536) Risse (without biographic details).

Thence, always double-check. Even the classics.


  1. Eric Dunning, Sport Matters, Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilization. (London: Routledge, 1999), 256. ↩︎

  2. Eric Dunning, “Sociology of Sport in the Balance: Critical Reflections on Some Recent and More Enduring Trends,” Sport in Society 7, no. 1 (2004): 4. ↩︎